Spanish Words for Get

Spanish Words for Get Get is one of those English verbs that is notoriously difficult to translate. It has a wide variety of meanings and is also used in quite a few idioms. Each of them needs to be looked at individually to determine how best to say it in Spanish. Here are some of the most common meanings of get and ways that you can say them in Spanish. Fast Facts The English verb get has a long list of meanings, so it there are many verbs that can be used to translate it into Spanish.Many phrases using get cannot be translated word for word into Spanish.One of the most common meanings of get is obtain, which can often be translated using obtener or conseguir. When 'Get' Means 'Obtain' Common Spanish verbs meaning get in the sense of obtaining include obtener (conjugated in the same way as tener) and conseguir (conjugated in the same way as seguir): Voy a obtener la licenciatura que siempre quise. (Im going to get the degree Ive always wanted.)Diseà ±an un barco que obtiene su energà ­a de las olas. (They are designing a boat that gets its energy from the waves.)El gobierno canadiense consiguià ³ voto de confianza. (The Canadian government got a vote of confidence.)Te conseguimos el mejor precio para tu coche nuevo. (We got you the best price for your new car.) If get carries with it the ideas of obtaining and bringing, the verb traer can often be used: Treme dos galletas, por favor. (Get me two cookies, please. Recibir is frequently used with certain nouns as in recibir un prà ©stamo (to get a loan), recibir una respuesta (to get a response), recibir un e-mail (to get an email), and recibir un trasplante (to get a transplant). When 'Get' Refers to a Change in Emotions It is common in English to say that a person gets angry, gets sad, gets happy, and so on. Many of those phrases have particular verbs to express the thought in Spanish. Among them: enfadarse (to get angry). entristecerse (to get sad), alegrarse (to get happy), preocuparse (to get worried), and confundirse (to get confused). It is also possible to use the verb ponerse to indicate a change in emotions. Me puse feliz al leer su mensaje. (I got happy when I read your message.)Se puso triste porque fue a la nevera a buscar mi botella de agua y estaba vacà ­a. (He got sad because he went to the refrigerator to look for his bottle of water and it was empty.)Mi decisià ³n se debià ³ sencillamente a que me fastidià © de depender de la nicotina. (My decision came about simply because I got annoyed at depending on nicotine.)En ocasiones me exaspero. (Sometimes I get impatient.) When 'Get' Refers to Success Among the verb choices when get is used to refer to the meeting of a goal are llegar a and conseguir. Either of them are typically followed by an infinitive. No llegaron a ver la luz del dà ­a. (They didnt get to see daylight.)Lleguà © a estudiar a Santiago en 1982. (I got to study in Santiago in 1982.)Consiguieron mirar una pelà ­cula de la accià ³n de Hong Kong. (They got to watch an action film from Hong Kong.) 'Get' Meaning 'To Understand' Either entender or comprender can usually be used for to understand. The verbs are usually interchangeable, although entender is more common in most areas. No lo entiendo/comprendo.  (I dont get it.)No entiende/comprende por quà © no le preguntà ³ por su nà ºmero de telà ©fono. (He doesnt get why she never asked him for his telephone number.) 'Get' Meaning 'To Earn' Ganar can usually be used in the sense of get when it means earn whether referring to money or something less tangible such as a victory. Gana cien pesos por hora. (She gets 100 pesos per hour.)El ejà ©rcito mexicano finalmente ganà ³ la victoria ms increà ­ble de la historia militar. (The Mexican army finally got the most incredible victory in military history.) 'Get' for Arriving Llegar can be used to speak of getting to a location. Llegà ³ a casa a las cinco. (He got home at 5.)No llegarà © a la oficina.  (I will not get to the office.) Phrases Using 'Get' The English verb get is part of many phrases - many of them phrasal verbs - that cant be translated word for word into Spanish. Here are some of the most common with possible translations: Get across: Hacerle entender algo for getting someone to understand something; cruzar de un lado a otro for going from one side to another. Get along: Marcharse or irse when meaning to go away; progresar when meaning to progress; funcionar when meaning to function or to work in that sense. To get along with someone is llevarse bien con alguien. Get around: Salir a menudo when meaning to get from place to place. Get ahead: Tener à ©xito or abrirse camino for getting ahead in life; tomar la delantera for getting ahead of someone. Get around: Circular or difundirse for news or gossip; evitar, solventar or sortear for getting around an obstacle or problem; convencer or persuadir for getting around a person. Get away: Escaparse for escaping; irse or salir for leaving; salir impune or irse de rositas for avoiding responsibility. Get dirty: Ensuciarse or mancharse when referring to physical filth; hacer trampa for cheating at a game. Get back: Volver for returning; retirarse or apartarse for retreating. Get better: Mejorar. Get bigger: Crecer. Get by: Arreglrselas or apaà ±rselas for managing to do something; pasar for passing a person or thing. Get high: Ponerse colocado or ponerse flipado when referring to a drug-induced high; ascender a un lugar alto for moving to a high place. Get down: Usually bajar or bajarse. To get down on ones knees is ponerse de rodillas. Get dressed: Vestirse. Get in: Entrar when meaning to enter. Get into: Entrar when meaning to enter; subir a when referring to a vehicle; adquirir el hbito for getting into a habit; empezar a disfrutar for getting into an activity; hacer cola for getting into a line; meterse en for getting into a career. Get in trouble: Meterse en problemas or meterse en un là ­o. Get married: Usually casarse. El 20 de septiembre nos casamos Alicia y yo. On Sept. 20 Alicia and I are getting married. Get off: Bajarse for getting off a vehicle such as a bus; irse for leaving; escaparse for avoiding punishment. Get on: Subir a or montarse for getting on a vehicle or horse; seguir or continuar for continuing an activity; hacerse viejo for getting on in years; progresar for progressing. Get out: Irse or salir for leaving; bajarse for getting out of a vehicle; levantarse for getting out of bed; sacar for removing an object or sacarse for removing oneself. Get over: Recobrarse or recuperarse for getting over an illness. The idea of youll get over it can be expressed by ya te se pasar or no te importar. Get started: Comenzar or empezar. Get to business: Ir al grano. Get to (do something): To have the opportunity to is tener la oportunidad de (hacer algo). Get up: To arise is levantarse. Verbs with similar meanings include despertarse for getting out of bed and ponerse de pie for standing up. Get worse: Empeorar.

Best College Planners 9 Apps for Managing Your Studying and Finance

Best College Planners 9 Apps for Managing Your Studying and Finance The technological era that we live in makes our lives easier every day. Now you dont need to go and buy a daily planner to fill out with your pencil – you can just download the app and have all of your weekly and monthly plans right at hand. But there are so many apps available on the market, so how can you choose the one that will be convenient particularly for you? We explored the majority of the existing apps to make a list which you can use to pick the app that will be handy for you. So, lets dive into the digital world and discuss features of the most used apps are. Education 1 myHomework Student Planner Price: Free or $4.99 Premium per year Rating: 4.6 The planner is very simple to use, and it has an attractive interface. You just need to add your classes to the general schedule or specify the days of the week and the time for your extracurricular activities. The best feature of this app is the ability to add the due dates and quick notes about each assignment that you have to complete while tracking the deadlines – you will see which due dates are upcoming. You can download the app from the AppStore  or GooglePlay. 2 My Study Life Price: Free Rating: 4.7 This app is one of the most popular college student planners, and it is all about having all of your classes and exams schedules placed in your pocket. If you struggle with remembering the dates of your tests or assignment due, choose this app. It is especially convenient for students who have two-week timetables. This is one of the best organizers for college students which you can get for free. This application allows you to sync your notes and plans across all of your devices, track assignment progress and get customized reminding notifications about upcoming classes or exams. The app is available for various kind of devices on iOS, Android, and Windows. Feeling stressed for upcoming finals? Check out the article which will help you to survive through the finals week. 3 Egenda Price: Free Rating: 4.7 Egenda is a popular app among high school and college students due to its convenience and utility. This is a perfect option to choose when you need a helper for: Scheduling your day Reminding about the assignments that are due Adding notes and timetables Egenda is used by so many students because it is simple to use and completely free. You can manage your tests, exams and even quizzes. Notes can be sorted by classes or even the due date which helps you to be right on time with your homework. If you have to perform a task for your English class, check out another list of the useful apps that we have gathered for you the list of apps to make you fluent in English. This app is definitely more useful than a regular daily planner or a 12 months planner, and its always with you to remind you about the next class or test. Available for download from AppStore and GooglePlay. 4 School Planner Price: Free Rating: 4.6 If you havent heard about this app yet, then you probably live under the rock because the majority of students say that School Planner is one of the most powerful personalized planners for college students with an attractive interface. The beauty is in the simplicity of the interface and handy features, such as the abilities to: record lectures manage tasks, grades and subjects create customized timetables It syncs within all your devices, providing a backup in case of need, saves teachers contact info, and calculates average grade automatically. Get it for your Android right now! 5 HomeworkApp Price: Free Rating: 4.7 The name of this app speaks for itself. This is what your parents wish theyd had when they were in college and what now you can have on your phone. It is a simple yet very effective and helpful tool to organize all the homework assignments. Goal setting, progress tracking, customizable calendar and many more other features of this app are the main reasons for many students all over the world to use it on a daily basis. This app is a perfect way to get convenient weekly spreads and customizable design at the same time. Download it for your Android. 6 Timetable Price: Free Rating: 4.2 If you are looking for something more minimalistic, then this app is for you. You can create a schedule for the whole year. The only thing you need to do is to add the information about your classes and exams. You can adjust your schedule according to the cycle of one, two, three or four weeks, get notifications and search in your classes or tasks. Get the app on Google Play and enjoy your perfect layouts which, as the users of digital monthly planners say, are very convenient for both college and high school students. Financial Planning for Students Many college students face the need to track not only their studies but also their budget. Its often hard to stick to your limited budget when there are so many events that you want to attend. If you want to use your money rationally and find a useful tool for college financial planning, download one of these useful finance planning apps. 7 Mint Price: Free Rating: 4.7 If you need to track your spendings throughout your school year, choose this app and plan your budget without any struggles. Mint allows you to keep information about your bank accounts and bills together, sort your spendings by the categories, and track credit usage. Get it on Google Play or App Store. 8 Money Manager Expense and Budget Price: Free Rating: 4.6 Would you like to have a personal accountant to manage your budget? If hiring one is too expensive for you, then just download this app and have all of your expenses completely organized and tracked. If you wonder how much money you can spend on a party and with no damage to your monthly budget, you can calculate it with this simple but effective manager. Also, you can manage your cards and get instant monthly statistics of your incomings and expenses. Available for iOS and Android. 9 Goodbudget: Budget Finance Price: Free Rating: 4.6 No more struggling with a budget for college students. Download the app and start tracking all of your spendings. Learn how to plan your budget and manage your credit cards and cash. Any college student who frequently runs out of money needs such a helper. Especially, if you need to stick to the limited budget that you can spend on groceries (by the way, we also have great ideas on how you can eat well and save your money). Available for Android and iOS. Wrapping Up We hope you liked our list of the best college planners and organizers and found it useful. Having such a helper available all the time can make your studying much easier and also teach you some time and budget management skills.

Emotional Abuse in Children Annotated Bibliography

Emotional Abuse in Children - Annotated Bibliography Example He looks at the various psychological impacts the abuse can lead to in children and also some of the measures that can be put up to minimize the damage that is inflicted on children who have been victims. In addition, he states some of the ways that can be used to detect the abuse early enough so that intervention can be made to limit the permanent damage that the abuse may inflict in the children and caregivers. He states that before any action is taken, there needs to be effective confirmation of emotional abuse of the child. This will be done by a close observation of the interaction between the child and the abuser. This will be done on repeated occasions, and if abuse is suspected, action will have to be taken regardless of whether the action is committed at home, school or community setting. The caregiver will have to investigate any reports that arise of any sort of abuse as these will easily contribute to child abuse. After investigation has been conducted by Children Protection Agency, the team will provide professional opinion from say a doctor, physician or psychologist. Furthermore, other stakeholders in the legal aspect will have to be involved to ensure that all the proper actions are taken including rehabilitating the child to ensure they recover from the negative actions that they may have suffered (O’Hagan, 1993). Tomison is a renown Author and Human Rights Activist who has specialized in areas such as Child abuse and Violence prevention, relationships between different forms of violence, Indigenous child protection and child welfare as well as Child protection policy and systems development. He has worked for the Australian Centre for Criminology at different capacities over the years. Dr Joe Tucci on the other hand is a trained Sociologist and Psychologist who possesses significant experience in dealing with issues to do with children. He is also a renowned author and currently the C.E.O of the Australian

An eclectic slant towards a functional education Essay

An eclectic slant towards a functional education - Essay Example Viewed on a micro level, there seems to be nothing wrong with it; however, when it is seen on a much larger scale, many problems begin to surface out. Although it might be a sweeping generalization to claim that most high schools in the United States exist in order to prepare their students for higher education, it still remains a fact that the existing curricula in the Unites States are mainly geared towards making them smart â€Å"test takers.† According to sociologists, educators definitely have their own reasons for designing their respective programs of study; and undeniably, each state or even district has its own set of curricula. Nevertheless, it still cannot be categorically denied that most high schools in the United States exist in order to prepare their students for tertiary education. This can be clearly seen in the curricula of most public and private learning institutions wherein math, science, and humanities take up a large chunk of their learning time. What do es this tell us? Simple. They are being molded to the kind of citizens they expect them to be without thoroughly considering the existing needs and demands of the society. The bandwagon still wins. Medicine, law, business management, banking and finance, and other related courses still rank (and perhaps perceived) as the most desirable fields of endeavor. As a result, high school graduates dream of becoming one; and they cannot be blamed for aiming to become one due to the glamour, prestige and financial rewards that such professions provide. However, for the society to function well, it needs to have different kinds of people with different skills and discipline that can help towards the realization of its goal: dynamic growth and development.

Ethics - Food Essay Example for Free

Ethics Food Essay Although most people do not realize it, patrons of food establishments place their lives in the establishments hands. Improper storing and labeling of food items or selling slightly-expired food can be tempting from a financial perspective but can lead to serious injury or worse due to food poisoning, cross-contamination or allergic reactions. Food establishments should include firm commitments to food safety in their codes of ethics, always placing food safety above financial concerns. This includes going beyond the letter of the law to enforce the highest product quality standards. A code of ethics should include a commitment to sell only healthy products and never to use harmful ingredients. (http://smallbusiness. chron. com/code-ethics-food-establishments-10815. html) Delicious This Code of Ethics describes standards of conduct for Healthylicious board members, officers, managers and all other employees of Heakthylicious, and has been approved by the Healthylicious Restaurant Group, Inc. Board of Directors. Many of the policies in this Code are based on various laws and regulations. Other are based on business and ethical principles than enhance Healthylicious ability to conduct its business effectively. Others restate basic work rules and principles contained in the Employee Handbook. The purpose of the Code is to provide guidance and set common ethical standards each of us must adhere to on a consistent basis. It governs the actions and working relationships of board members, officers, managers and all other employees in dealing with fellow employees, guests, competitors, vendors, suppliers, governmental and self-regulatory agencies, the media, and anyone else with whom our company has contact. These relationships are essential to the continued success of Healthylicious restaurant . (www. mortons. com/assets/pdf/code_of_ethics. pdf? ) This Code: †¢ Requires the highest standards for honest and ethical conduct, including proper and ethical procedures for dealing with conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships. †¢ Requires full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that Mortons files with, or submits to, governmental and regulatory agencies, and in other public communications made by Mortons. †¢ Requires compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations. †¢ Requires the prompt internal report of any illegal behavior or violations of the Code. †¢ Establishes accountability for adherence to the Code. †¢ Provides for methods to communicate violations of the code. * We consider moral as an inevitable factor in caring on any duties talking decisions. We try to follow the highest standards based on Sincerity, generosity, conscientious. * We carry on the affairs individually groups to bring about validity to our company. * We at all times spend all of our energy resources towards production and services to guarantee our success against our competitor. * We behave equally towards all our guests all race religion, nationally and beliefs. * We offer all our services productions in highest standard with perfect constancy. * We provide a safe sanitary environment for all our guests and personal. * We try to stay for good at highest position in majority in word, practice ethic affairs. * We promote knowledge, education experience and motivation for all the staff in order to do their duties in a higher standard. * We provide equal opportunities for anyone to carry on their duties and all the staff which is working in similar level would be evaluated no differently. * We fully try to protect the natural environment and resources while carry on our duties. * We are looking for a fair share of income, no more or less. an. Our Mission †¢ To provide a wholesome dining experience, with Top Quality food, healthy and a staff that wants to exceed the CUSTOMERS expectations!! Our Vision †¢ To maintain a profitable operation that will continue our TRADITION of Quality Family dining, at a reasonable cost, in a comfortable atmosphere, with exceptional service. Our Values †¢ We are in business to meet our customer’s needs. †¢ We believe in empowering our staff to resolve customers concerns on the spot. We treat our employees as we want them to treat our customers. †¢ We believe in continuing our Family Tradition. †¢ We believe in you the customer, and by this tradition we will continue to make a reasonable profit, that will allow us to remain competitive, healthy, community involved, and a Family Restaurant where generation will continue to gather. †¢ We seek your comments, for we realize to exceed your expectations, we need to know what they are. †¢ Your safety, health, comfort, nourishment and Quality Service are Number One to US!!!

Plagiarism: Students Are Not To Blame Essay -- Critical Thinking Essays

Is plagiarism really occurring on college campuses? Should it be considered a serious offense? Do the students who plagiarize know that what they are doing is wrong? These are some of the questions that Edward M. White discusses in his essay â€Å"Student Plagiarism as an Institutional and Social Issue.† Being a professor himself, White sees firsthand the occurrence of cheating on college campuses. He claims that blatant plagiarism â€Å"subverts the very nature of education and reflects some aspects of what is worst in American society† because it is morally wrong (202). The backing for his claim is the fact that plagiarizing is stealing someone else’s words. Thus he warrants that anything morally wrong undermines education and shows the worst side of our society. There are many instances in which it is completely clear that the student is knowingly plagiarizing. There are also instances in which the student may be confused about plagiarism. This essay discusses the fact that student plagiarism is rampant on college campuses, but the blame may not lie entirely with the students. In his essay, White claims that the amount of student plagiarism is shocking, but the teachers need to make sure that students have been taught about citing sources. Many professors automatically assume that students have been taught everything they need to know for the class beforehand. If the students were supposed to learn something in a previous class they may have a good reason not to know it. The teacher may not have gotten through all the material or may have missed something. The student may have been sick and missed a day. Another reason teachers need to be held accountable for a small part in student plagiarism is because many ... ...not wholly be the students’ fault. This may make the readers who think the students are out of control reconsider their beliefs. Some people may not have thought about students who have not been taught any better. They might automatically think the worst of the students. White has valid claims and reasons in his essay. He uses logos, ethos, and pathos well. This essay appeals to colleges and universities all over the United States. Most, if not all, colleges have problems with plagiarism on campus. One thing to be learned from White’s essay is that â€Å"plagiarism is outrageous because it reverses education itself† (207). Colleges and universities need to â€Å"make academic honesty not only the best but the only possible policy† (White 206). Both faculty and students need to work together to rid these institutions of such immoral behavior as plagiarism.

Grade 12 Chemistry Notes – History and Development

3. 1 & 3. 2 Chemistry Notes Dalton * In 1805, John Dalton reintroduced the idea to explain 3 fundamental principles Experimental Work * Atoms of different elements have different properties * Law of definite proportion and multiple compositions: atoms of 2 or more elements can combine in a fixed ratio to form new substances depending on their combining capacities (eg. H2O vs H2O2) * Law of conservation of mass: atoms cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction Conclusions * All matter is composed of atoms Atoms are the smallest pieces of matter and cannot be broken down further * All atoms of one element have identical properties Problem * Development of a cathode ray tube (by William Crookes) Thompson (1897) Experimental Work * Used a cathode ray tube a vacuum tube with electrodes at both ends * Found that there were charged particles that were travelling from one end of the tube to the other (from negative end to positive end) Conclusion * Proposed that an atom was a positively charged empty sphere containing negatively charged electrons raisin scone analogy What Thompson left us with? Atoms consist of negative electrons embedded within a positively charged sphere * Analogy of raisin bun often used Milikin’s Famous Oil Drop Experiment * Determined size and charge on electron * Discovered charge on single electron was 1. 6 x 10^19 C How it worked? * Knew mass of single drop of oil, calculated gravity on one drop * Charge was applied to falling drops by illuminating bottom chamber with x-rays, exciting electrons, causing them to attach to oil. * Using a battery, electric voltage was applied to the plates.When just right, the electromagnetic force would balance out the force of gravity, suspending particles in midair. * Noticed charge was always multiples of 1. 6 x 10^19 * Q= mg/E Gold Foil Experiment * Radioactive particles (alpha radiation) were fired at thin gold sheets * Screens coated with zinc sulfide detected the presence of the alpha radiation * Vast majority of alpha particles passed straight through gold sheet, however, approximately 1 in 8000 particles were deflected Chadwick and the Neutron When calculating the mass of specific nuclei, the calculated mass did not correlate with the associated charge of the nucleus * Chadwick proposed that neutral particles must be present to make up for the missing mass * Chadwick proposed a positive nucleus containing neutral particles Isotopes * Mass spectrometers were used to discover that all atoms of the same element were not the same * Elements contained several different forms of isotopes (atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons) Problem with the Rutherford Model Physics – bodies are accelerating when they change speed and/or direction * And electron travelling in a circular orbit is constantly changing its direction and therefore accelerating * This acceleration would result in the electrons emitting electromagnetic radiation, lose electrons, and collapsing the atom as it continuously spirals inward because it is losing electrons Enter Max Plank * Her was studying the emission of light from hot objects * What is visible light? When objects are heated, they emit various colors of light depending on how hot the object is * Ex. â€Å"white hot† objects are emitting the whole range of the visible spectrum * â€Å"red hot† objects emit light with wavelength of the infrared – longest wavelength * â€Å"blue hot† objects are the hottest as they emit light of shortest wavelength * Hot objects emit radiation. The hotter they are, the more energetic the radiation emitted is. The electromagnetic radiation changes as the object gets hotter. * The color of light emitted reveals temperature Explaining Intensity vs.Energy – The staircase which changed physics * Planck suggested that energies of the vibrating atoms in the heated solid were multiples of small quantities of energy (energ y was not continuous) * Introduced the term â€Å"quantum† * The slope is actually more like a staircase * Each step represents a ‘quanta’ of energy * A quanta is derived from quantity and refers to the smallest possible unit of energy that can be associated with a specific sub-microscopic even * An atom has to absorb or release an entire package (quanta) of energy or none at all.There is no ‘in between’ Heinrich Hertz: the photoelectric effect * Photoelectric effect when light is shone on a metal surface, electrons are released from the surface of the metal. The number of electrons released per second can be measured by a connected ammeter * Frequency is different from intensity. Electrons will only jump off if the frequency is right, however, how many electrons jump off will depend on the intensity of the light. How fast they jump off will also increase with higher frequency * The amount of energy in a light wave is proportionally related to its fr equency.High frequency light has high energy, low frequency light has low energy (violet has the most energy and red has the least) Einstein puts 2 and 2 together * In 1905, Einstein received the Nobel Prize for applying Planck’s idea to the photoelectric effect * When light strikes metal, some of the energy is used to allow the electron to break free from the metal, the rest of the energy is left over as the kinetic energy of the ejected electron * If one electron absorbs one photon (quanta of energy), it must be great enough or the electron to be able to escape * No electrons escape at low photon energies because the energy of the single photon was insufficient for the electron to escape the metal Energy of Quanta of Energy – Photons * E = h x f, where E is the amount of energy in joules (J), h is Planck’s constant 6. 6 x 10^-34, and f is the frequency in hertz * A photon is a packet of energy, with energy values corresponding to the frequency of the electroma gnetic wave Einstein’s Proposals Light is quantized like a particle (photon) * Light exist as bundles of photons, with each photon independent of each other * This means that light has certain particle properties as well * The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency and nothing else. * Therefore, a phonon is a small packet of energy corresponding to a specific frequency of light (E=hf) Spectroscopy The spectroscope was invented by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the 1850s to study light * When white light passes through spectroscope (containing a prism or diffraction grating), the light is divided into a continuous rainbow of colors (continuous spectrum) Bunsen and Kirchhoff (1859): invented the spectroscope * When elements were heated in a Bunsen burner flame, each element produced a flam color and a bright line spectrum that was characteristic of the element * Continuous Spectrum – a display of all colors.It comes from the â€Å"dispersion† ( refraction) of white light passing through a prism * Dark Line spectrum (absorption spectrum) – certain colors are missing from a display of colors produced by white light passing through a gas and then through a prism. These missing lines enable scientists to identify the gas that the light passed through * Bright line spectrum (emission spectrum) – when a gas is â€Å"energized† by electricity or heat or light, the gas emits light of a specific color (not white light). When this light is passed through a prism it is refracted into a pattern of a few bright lines of color.Each substance has a unique, bright line â€Å"signature†. This pattern of colored lines represents the same pattern of dark lines of missing color in the dark line spectrum] Bohr’s theory was needed to explain the bright/dark spectrum and Einstein’s photons 1. Electrons travel in an atom in circular orbits. Each orbit represents a specific energy level. All electrons in o ne orbit/energy level will have the same amount of energy, which is quantized (discrete packet) 2. There is maximum number of electrons allowed in each orbit 3. When electrons absorb a photon of light, they jump from a lower energy level to a higer energy level.This absorption of a photon of light energy results in a dark line in the absorption spectrum 4. When electrons jump from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, energy is released as a photon of light. This release of photon from the atom results in the bright line in the emission spectrum 5. When electrons are at the lowest energy level, they are in â€Å"ground state† How does Bohr’s Energy levels of electrons relate to the periodic table? * Each period represents one energy level – Period 1 1 Energy level, Period 2 2 energy levels, etc. There is a maximum number of electrons in each lever (level 1 2 electrons, level 2 8 electrons, level 3 8 electrons) Power Point 2 Problems with Planetary Model * If electrons were accelerating, photons of electromagnetic radiation should be emitted * Obviously this is not the case * The Rutherford planetary model is insufficient as a model to explain matter Quantum Theory * All electrons in all atoms can be described by 4 unique quantum numbers * Quantum numbers are used to describe the approximate location and characteristics of electrons surrounding an atom based on the energy levels of an atom * There are 4 quantum numbers Principle quantum number (n) * Designates main E level of electron * Secondary quantum number (l) * Describes E sublevels of electrons * Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) * Relates to direction of electron orbit * Spin Quantum number (ms) * Relates to the spin of an electron Principle Quantum Number (n) * n=1, 2, 3, 4 etc. * n=1 means Energy level 1 and so on Secondary Quantum number, l * (l) describes shapes of sublevels (subshells) of the main energy level * Sommerfeld looked more closely at the H line spectrum. Found t hat main lines of bright line spectrum split into more lines. The number of sublevels equals the value of the principle quantum number * Has integral values from 0 to (n-1) for each value of n * If n=3, then there are three sublevels. L = 0, 1, 2 * Each l number represents a possible shape of the orbital. (hence if l=0, 1, 2, then there are 3 possible shapes) Third Quantum Number: Magnetic Quantum number, ml * describes the orientation of electron orbital in space (therefore orbitals could exist at different angles to each other in 3-d) * For each value of l, ml, can vary from -1 to 1 Shapes of Orbitals ‘s’ (l=0) orbital is spherical, ml = 0 * ‘p’ (l=1) , ml = -1, 0, 1 * ‘d’ (l=2) , ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 * ‘f’ (l=3) orbitals are much more complex, ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 Classification of Energy Subshells * Each distinct sublevel has specific number of orbitals. * Each orbital has a different orientation The spin quantum number, ms * Pauli – each electron spins on its axis in one of 2 ways clockwise or counterclockwise * The spin quantum possesses only two values; either +1/2 (clockwise) or -1/2 (counter-clockwise) New Orbital Way Orbitals are 3 dimensional probability distribution graphs which help chemists visualize where electrons are most likely to be found Electron Orbitals * An electron orbital is described as the region of space where an electron may be found * Orbits are rings surrounding the nucleus, whereas orbitals are probability clouds or clouds of electron density * More than one orbital can be found within an energy level Pauli’s Exclusion Principle * No two electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers!